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As the sand face is undermined it collapses into the pond forming a slurry, which is sucked up and pumped to a floating concentrator. Burrowing into the mining face of the dune, the dredger advances at a rate of 2 - 3 metres per day, depending on the height of the dune. While the dredge removes the material from the front end of the pond, the tailings generated by the separation process are stacked at the back as a result the pond continuously moves in a forward direction. In areas inaccessible to the dredges, or in dunes which are higher than 60 m, dry mining is performed.Ī large artificial freshwater pond is created in the dunes, on which float the dredger and concentrator plant. RBM uses six floating dredges at four mine sites (B, C, D and E) at various places within the dunes. Richards Bay Minerals (RBM) uses a system of ponds and floating dredges to mine the ore body, where heavy valuable minerals such as ilmenite, zircon and rutile are recovered from the sand. The grade of the ilmenite is too low (49.7 % TiO2 on average) to be marketable in its existing form and thus has to be upgraded by a smelting process to produce an 85 % TiO2 slag. Gold, diamonds, uranium and other minerals are mined within the Grasslands Biome, however coal mining is the most significant type of mining that occurs in these areas. The heavy mineral assemblage also comprises monazite and magnetite. KZN Sands, located south of the Mhlatuze River, mined the clay-enriched, rubified weathering profile which formed within the older Umkwelane Formation dune ridge.Īccording to Wipplinger (1998) the dune sand contains about 10 % heavy minerals, on average consisting of 6.08 % ilmenite, 0.28 % rutile and 0.83 % zircon. Clay-enriched, weathered Kosi Bay Formation dune sands and the Port Durnford Formation estuarine deposits form the underlying beds.
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Here they are divided into messes, and daily rations are given them by the. Quaternary heavy mineral-bearing aeolian dunes of the upper portions of the Maputaland Group (Sibayi and Kwambonambi Formations) resting on a Pleistocene beach are mined. Mines, the Rector of Trinity Church, died, and the Vestry wrote. Type of mineralisation: Coastal mineralised sands. The height of the dune is about 60 – 110 m, with increasing altitude northwards. The deposit covers a coast-parallel dune belt some 20 km long and about 2 km wide. Currently, the Zulti North mining lease (north of Lake Nhlabane) is being mined. Mining was started within the Tisand lease just north of Richards Bay. The Richards Bay Minerals (RBM) heavy mineral-rich sands coastal dune deposits (Tisand, Zulti North) extend parallel to the beach.